Backup for Linux

该教程为 Linux 平台下类 Mac 平台下的 Time Machine 的解决方案。

Mac下的 Time Machine 的特性是可以记录不同时间点的文件状态,且是增量更新。

可行性方案

通过查询发现可行性解决方案有以下几种:

最后选择了 DIY in btrfs 的方式进行备份。

To save my time and energy, I have write a script to help me backup quickly. You can access the github repo if you are interested in it.

标准操作

该操作流程适合初次使用该教程的新人。

  1. First, you need to create a Btrfs partition on your backup device. You can use a tool like parted or fdisk to create a new partition and format it as Btrfs.

    以下为常用命令

    # 格式分区为btrfs文件系统
    sudo mkfs.btrfs /dev/partition
    # 更改btrfs文件的label
    sudo btrfs filesystem label /path/to/mounted/btrfs_volume new_label
    
  2. Once you have the Btrfs partition, you can use the btrfs subvolume create command to create a new subvolume on the partition, which will be used to store the backup.

    sudo btrfs subvolume create /path/to/backup/partition/backup
    
  3. To backup the ext4 file system, you can use the rsync command to copy the entire file system to the new Btrfs subvolume.

    # a archive 
    # v verbose
    # x cross file bo
    sudo rsync -av	xHAX --numeric-ids --delete --checksum / /path/to/backup/partition/backup
    
  4. Once the backup is complete, you can take a snapshot of the subvolume with the btrfs subvolume snapshot command.

    sudo btrfs subvolume snapshot -r /path/to/backup/partition/backup /path/to/backup/partition/snapshot
    

    delete the snapshot:

    sudo btrfs subvolume delete <snapshot>
    
  5. 恢复系统。进入Live镜像(要求该镜像支持btrfs以及用用rsync工具),挂载要恢复的分区,逆向的备份方法在拷贝回去,详情间下述命令:

    sudo rsync -avxHAX --numeric-ids --delete --checksum /path/to/backup/partition/backup  /path/to/backup/partition/restore
    

    使用 arch-chroot <mount point> 进入到构建的系统,重新生成fstab以及重建grub引导。

进阶操作

合并并优化上述教程的第三和第四步,使用我个人编写的脚本:time-machine-for-linux-script

存储介质

M.2 SSD + 移动硬盘盒

以下为个人方案

硬盘盒:嘉翼(JEYI) NVME硬盘盒 M.2转Type-C移动硬盘盒 USB3.1固态SSD全铝硬盘盒 10Gbps 太空灰 | i9 GTR-2280

该硬盘盒采用的主控芯片为:RTL9210B

硬盘:CRUCIAL/镁光 P5固态硬盘 2TB M.2 2280 SSD

Pros: High Speed; Cheap; DIY

Cons: Overheating during work; Unstable under low voltage

市场上移动硬盘盒协议兼容问题、温控问题,不推荐

一体式硬盘盒

三星T7